THE BURNING DIVIDE: URBAN HEAT ISLANDS AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN BRAZILIAN METROPOLISES – A STUDY OF THE TWO LARGEST URBAN METROPOLISES IN BRAZIL

Abstract

This study investigates the complex relationship between the formation of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) and socioeconomic inequality in major Brazilian metropolitan regions, with a special focus on São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines extensive literature review, multi-temporal spatial analysis, and advanced geospatial processing, this research provides spatial and temporal perspectives on thermal inequality. The study covers a five-year period (2019-2024), using Landsat 8/9 and Sentinel-3 data to analyze Land Surface Temperature (LST) dynamics. Advanced Python algorithms were developed for automated UHI mapping, temporal trend analysis, and socio-thermal correlation assessment. The results reveal a persistent and recurring pattern where higher land surface temperatures consistently correlate with areas of lower income, higher population density, reduced green infrastructure, and inadequate urban services. The thermal disparity between rich and poor neighborhoods showed a growing trend during the study period, with vulnerable communities experiencing temperature differences of up to 8°C compared to wealthier areas. Policy recommendations emphasize climate justice approaches, targeted investment in green infrastructure, and equitable urban planning to mitigate both thermal discomfort and social vulnerability in rapidly urbanizing Brazilian cities.